Kaedah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Mengingat (Mnemonics)

Mnemonics are devices to help us remember (aide memoire or memory aide). They come in many varieties and flavours, and can aid memorisation of many types of information. This section concentrates on mnemonics related to words and numbers.
It can be found them in every discipline from music, medicine, biology, and electronics to spelling, physics, geography, and remembering telephone numbers.

The following famous mnemonics are to aid the memory of.

 ~Big Elephants Can Always Understand Small Elephants.
 ~Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain.
 ~Every Good Boy Deserves Favour.
 ~A Rat In The House May Eat The Ice Cream.
 ~High to Low; look out below. Low to High; clear blue sky.
 ~How I like a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy lectures
involving quantum mechanics.

Rhymes and Catch Phrases

The following rhyming phrase helps people to remember how to spell such difficult words as receive.

I before E, except after C.
Unfortunately this rule does not always apply. One common exception is the word weird, which has prompted some people to use the extended version of this mnemonic:

I before E, except after C.
And "weird" is just weird.

Sadly there are many, many more exceptions. Nevertheless this remains a very popular memory aid for spelling. The following adaptation is somewhat better:

I before E, except after C.
Or when sounded "A" as in neighbor and weigh.

Just don't rely on this one for spelling words like weir and seize!

The following mnemonic is used by pilots. If temperature or pressure drops, you will be lower (in altitude) than the aircraft's instruments suggest if they are left uncorrected. On the other hand, a rise in temperature or pressure will result in the opposite effect.

High to Low; look out below.
Low to High; clear blue sky.

This is somewhat reminiscent of these popular rhymes which guide people on what kind of weather red skies and rainbows generally herald depending on the time of day at which they are seen.

Red sky at night: shepherd's delight.
Red sky in the morning: shepherd's warning.

Rainbow in the morning: travellers take warning.
Rainbow at night: travellers' delight.

Rainbows indicate humid air. A morning rainbow is seen in the West – the direction from which storms generally come – and so often appears before bad weather. Evening rainbows, which appear in the East, usually indicate the passing of stormy weather.

Spelling Acronyms
The following mnemonics are sentences or phrases in which the initial letters of the words spell out a word which many people find rather tricky to spell.

~BECAUSE
Big Elephants Can Always Understand Small Elephants

~ARITHMETIC
A Rat In The House May Eat The Ice Cream

~GEOGRAPHY
General Eisenhower's Oldest Girl Rode A Pony Home Yesterday

~RHYTHM
Rhythm Helps Your Two Hips Move

~NECESSARY
Not Every Cat Eats Sardines (Some Are Really Yummy)

~ARGUMENT
A Rude Girl Undresses; My Eyes Need Taping!

~OCEAN
Only Cats' Eyes Are Narrow

And a neat way to remember how to spell POTASSIUM: just remember one tea, two sugars. You can use a similar aide memoire to prevent confusion between DESERTS (like the Sahara) and DESSERTS (like Tiramisu) by remembering that the sweet one has two sugars.

List Order Acronyms
This is certainly one of the most popular mnemonic techniques.
Order of colours in the rainbow, or visual spectrum:
(Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet)
Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain.

Order of taxonomy in biology:
(Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach.

Order of geological time periods:
(Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent)
Cows Often Sit Down Carefully. Perhaps Their Joints Creak?
Persistent Early Oiling Might Prevent Painful Rheumatism.

Order of Mohs hardness scale, from 1 to 10:
(Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Fluorite, Apatite, Orthoclase feldspar, Quartz, Topaz, Corundum, Diamond)
Toronto Girls Can Flirt, And Other Queer Things Can Do.

The order of sharps in music, called the "circle of fifths":
(F, C, G, D, A, E, B)
Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle.
And in reverse for flat keys the mnemonic can be neatly reversed:
Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father.

The notes represented by the lines on the treble clef stave (bottom to top):
(E, G, B, D, F)
Every Good Boy Deserves Favour.
And the notes represented by the spaces between the lines:
(F, A, C, E)
Furry Animals Cook Excellently. Or just the word FACE

The notes represented by the lines on the bass clef stave (bottom to top):
(G, B, D, F, A)
Good Boys Do Fine, Always.
And the notes represented by the spaces between the lines:
(A, C, E, G)
All Cows Eat Grass.

The order of planets in average distance from the Sun:
(Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto)
My Very Easy Method: Just Set Up Nine Planets.

(http://www.fun-with-words.com/mnemonics.html
http://www.fun-with-words.com/mnem_example.html)