Kaedah untuk mengingat - Latih Tubi
Latih tubi merupakan satu cara mengajar yang berkesan dalam menangani masalah pengamatan dengan mengulang-ulangkan fakta atau sesuatu kecekapan yang diajar di mana ia merupakan sebahagian daripada usaha menghafal atau mengingat sesuatu.
Tujuan teknik ini digunakan dalam proses pengajaran adalah untuk mencapai tahap kemahiran yang maksimum dan menjadikan apa yang dipelajari itu kekal dalam ingatan serta mengaplikasikannya dalam situasi-situasi lain.
Friday, January 29, 2010
Tuesday, January 26, 2010
Kaedah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Mengingat (Kategori)
The definition of category is a specifically defined division in a system of classification or a class.
Example of category
State Movement Proximity Shape/Volume
Solid Very little; slow Very tightly packed Definite shape and volume
Liquid Free to move; faster Close together No definite shape; definite
volume
Gas Very fast Very far apart No definite shape or
volume;fills container
http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/CURR/science/sciber00/7th/classify/sciber/clmatter.htm
Example of category
State Movement Proximity Shape/Volume
Solid Very little; slow Very tightly packed Definite shape and volume
Liquid Free to move; faster Close together No definite shape; definite
volume
Gas Very fast Very far apart No definite shape or
volume;fills container
http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/CURR/science/sciber00/7th/classify/sciber/clmatter.htm
Kaedah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Mengingat (Mnemonics)
Mnemonics are devices to help us remember (aide memoire or memory aide). They come in many varieties and flavours, and can aid memorisation of many types of information. This section concentrates on mnemonics related to words and numbers.
It can be found them in every discipline from music, medicine, biology, and electronics to spelling, physics, geography, and remembering telephone numbers.
The following famous mnemonics are to aid the memory of.
~Big Elephants Can Always Understand Small Elephants.
~Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain.
~Every Good Boy Deserves Favour.
~A Rat In The House May Eat The Ice Cream.
~High to Low; look out below. Low to High; clear blue sky.
~How I like a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy lectures
involving quantum mechanics.
Rhymes and Catch Phrases
The following rhyming phrase helps people to remember how to spell such difficult words as receive.
I before E, except after C.
Unfortunately this rule does not always apply. One common exception is the word weird, which has prompted some people to use the extended version of this mnemonic:
I before E, except after C.
And "weird" is just weird.
Sadly there are many, many more exceptions. Nevertheless this remains a very popular memory aid for spelling. The following adaptation is somewhat better:
I before E, except after C.
Or when sounded "A" as in neighbor and weigh.
Just don't rely on this one for spelling words like weir and seize!
The following mnemonic is used by pilots. If temperature or pressure drops, you will be lower (in altitude) than the aircraft's instruments suggest if they are left uncorrected. On the other hand, a rise in temperature or pressure will result in the opposite effect.
High to Low; look out below.
Low to High; clear blue sky.
This is somewhat reminiscent of these popular rhymes which guide people on what kind of weather red skies and rainbows generally herald depending on the time of day at which they are seen.
Red sky at night: shepherd's delight.
Red sky in the morning: shepherd's warning.
Rainbow in the morning: travellers take warning.
Rainbow at night: travellers' delight.
Rainbows indicate humid air. A morning rainbow is seen in the West – the direction from which storms generally come – and so often appears before bad weather. Evening rainbows, which appear in the East, usually indicate the passing of stormy weather.
Spelling Acronyms
The following mnemonics are sentences or phrases in which the initial letters of the words spell out a word which many people find rather tricky to spell.
~BECAUSE
Big Elephants Can Always Understand Small Elephants
~ARITHMETIC
A Rat In The House May Eat The Ice Cream
~GEOGRAPHY
General Eisenhower's Oldest Girl Rode A Pony Home Yesterday
~RHYTHM
Rhythm Helps Your Two Hips Move
~NECESSARY
Not Every Cat Eats Sardines (Some Are Really Yummy)
~ARGUMENT
A Rude Girl Undresses; My Eyes Need Taping!
~OCEAN
Only Cats' Eyes Are Narrow
And a neat way to remember how to spell POTASSIUM: just remember one tea, two sugars. You can use a similar aide memoire to prevent confusion between DESERTS (like the Sahara) and DESSERTS (like Tiramisu) by remembering that the sweet one has two sugars.
List Order Acronyms
This is certainly one of the most popular mnemonic techniques.
Order of colours in the rainbow, or visual spectrum:
(Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet)
Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain.
Order of taxonomy in biology:
(Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach.
Order of geological time periods:
(Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent)
Cows Often Sit Down Carefully. Perhaps Their Joints Creak?
Persistent Early Oiling Might Prevent Painful Rheumatism.
Order of Mohs hardness scale, from 1 to 10:
(Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Fluorite, Apatite, Orthoclase feldspar, Quartz, Topaz, Corundum, Diamond)
Toronto Girls Can Flirt, And Other Queer Things Can Do.
The order of sharps in music, called the "circle of fifths":
(F, C, G, D, A, E, B)
Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle.
And in reverse for flat keys the mnemonic can be neatly reversed:
Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father.
The notes represented by the lines on the treble clef stave (bottom to top):
(E, G, B, D, F)
Every Good Boy Deserves Favour.
And the notes represented by the spaces between the lines:
(F, A, C, E)
Furry Animals Cook Excellently. Or just the word FACE
The notes represented by the lines on the bass clef stave (bottom to top):
(G, B, D, F, A)
Good Boys Do Fine, Always.
And the notes represented by the spaces between the lines:
(A, C, E, G)
All Cows Eat Grass.
The order of planets in average distance from the Sun:
(Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto)
My Very Easy Method: Just Set Up Nine Planets.
(http://www.fun-with-words.com/mnemonics.html
http://www.fun-with-words.com/mnem_example.html)
It can be found them in every discipline from music, medicine, biology, and electronics to spelling, physics, geography, and remembering telephone numbers.
The following famous mnemonics are to aid the memory of.
~Big Elephants Can Always Understand Small Elephants.
~Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain.
~Every Good Boy Deserves Favour.
~A Rat In The House May Eat The Ice Cream.
~High to Low; look out below. Low to High; clear blue sky.
~How I like a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy lectures
involving quantum mechanics.
Rhymes and Catch Phrases
The following rhyming phrase helps people to remember how to spell such difficult words as receive.
I before E, except after C.
Unfortunately this rule does not always apply. One common exception is the word weird, which has prompted some people to use the extended version of this mnemonic:
I before E, except after C.
And "weird" is just weird.
Sadly there are many, many more exceptions. Nevertheless this remains a very popular memory aid for spelling. The following adaptation is somewhat better:
I before E, except after C.
Or when sounded "A" as in neighbor and weigh.
Just don't rely on this one for spelling words like weir and seize!
The following mnemonic is used by pilots. If temperature or pressure drops, you will be lower (in altitude) than the aircraft's instruments suggest if they are left uncorrected. On the other hand, a rise in temperature or pressure will result in the opposite effect.
High to Low; look out below.
Low to High; clear blue sky.
This is somewhat reminiscent of these popular rhymes which guide people on what kind of weather red skies and rainbows generally herald depending on the time of day at which they are seen.
Red sky at night: shepherd's delight.
Red sky in the morning: shepherd's warning.
Rainbow in the morning: travellers take warning.
Rainbow at night: travellers' delight.
Rainbows indicate humid air. A morning rainbow is seen in the West – the direction from which storms generally come – and so often appears before bad weather. Evening rainbows, which appear in the East, usually indicate the passing of stormy weather.
Spelling Acronyms
The following mnemonics are sentences or phrases in which the initial letters of the words spell out a word which many people find rather tricky to spell.
~BECAUSE
Big Elephants Can Always Understand Small Elephants
~ARITHMETIC
A Rat In The House May Eat The Ice Cream
~GEOGRAPHY
General Eisenhower's Oldest Girl Rode A Pony Home Yesterday
~RHYTHM
Rhythm Helps Your Two Hips Move
~NECESSARY
Not Every Cat Eats Sardines (Some Are Really Yummy)
~ARGUMENT
A Rude Girl Undresses; My Eyes Need Taping!
~OCEAN
Only Cats' Eyes Are Narrow
And a neat way to remember how to spell POTASSIUM: just remember one tea, two sugars. You can use a similar aide memoire to prevent confusion between DESERTS (like the Sahara) and DESSERTS (like Tiramisu) by remembering that the sweet one has two sugars.
List Order Acronyms
This is certainly one of the most popular mnemonic techniques.
Order of colours in the rainbow, or visual spectrum:
(Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet)
Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain.
Order of taxonomy in biology:
(Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach.
Order of geological time periods:
(Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent)
Cows Often Sit Down Carefully. Perhaps Their Joints Creak?
Persistent Early Oiling Might Prevent Painful Rheumatism.
Order of Mohs hardness scale, from 1 to 10:
(Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Fluorite, Apatite, Orthoclase feldspar, Quartz, Topaz, Corundum, Diamond)
Toronto Girls Can Flirt, And Other Queer Things Can Do.
The order of sharps in music, called the "circle of fifths":
(F, C, G, D, A, E, B)
Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle.
And in reverse for flat keys the mnemonic can be neatly reversed:
Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father.
The notes represented by the lines on the treble clef stave (bottom to top):
(E, G, B, D, F)
Every Good Boy Deserves Favour.
And the notes represented by the spaces between the lines:
(F, A, C, E)
Furry Animals Cook Excellently. Or just the word FACE
The notes represented by the lines on the bass clef stave (bottom to top):
(G, B, D, F, A)
Good Boys Do Fine, Always.
And the notes represented by the spaces between the lines:
(A, C, E, G)
All Cows Eat Grass.
The order of planets in average distance from the Sun:
(Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto)
My Very Easy Method: Just Set Up Nine Planets.
(http://www.fun-with-words.com/mnemonics.html
http://www.fun-with-words.com/mnem_example.html)
Latar Belakang Disleksia
1. Perkataan ‘disleksia’ (dyslexia) berasal daripada dua perkataan Greek, iaitu ‘dys’ yang bermakna ‘kesukaran’ dan ‘lexia’ yang bermakna ‘perkataan’.
2. Disleksia adalah sejenis masalah pembelajaran khusus yang kerap berlaku.
3. Kanak-kanak Disleksia mempunyai masalah menguasai tugasan sekolah walaupun mereka telah berusaha bersungguh-sungguh
~Mempunyai keupayaan intelek yang normal
~Telah mendapat ransangan dan pembelajaran yang mencukupi
4. Masalah asasnya adalah perbezaan cara otak berfungsi dalam menghubungkan simbol visual dengan bunyi
5. Mereka mungkin mengalami kesukaran
~Membaca
~Menulis
Memahami
~Mengeja
~Mengira
6. Dianggarkan 4 – 8 % pelajar sekolah yang bermasalah disleksia
7. Kanak-kanak lelaki lebih ramai bermasalah Disleksia berbanding perempuan.
2. Disleksia adalah sejenis masalah pembelajaran khusus yang kerap berlaku.
3. Kanak-kanak Disleksia mempunyai masalah menguasai tugasan sekolah walaupun mereka telah berusaha bersungguh-sungguh
~Mempunyai keupayaan intelek yang normal
~Telah mendapat ransangan dan pembelajaran yang mencukupi
4. Masalah asasnya adalah perbezaan cara otak berfungsi dalam menghubungkan simbol visual dengan bunyi
5. Mereka mungkin mengalami kesukaran
~Membaca
~Menulis
Memahami
~Mengeja
~Mengira
6. Dianggarkan 4 – 8 % pelajar sekolah yang bermasalah disleksia
7. Kanak-kanak lelaki lebih ramai bermasalah Disleksia berbanding perempuan.
Monday, January 25, 2010
Kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran (Relating)
Relating (hubungkait)
Hubungkait ialah kaedah belajar dalam konteks menghubungkaitkan pengetahuan baru dengan pengalaman hidup. Murid melakukan aktiviti mengutip sampah di sekitar sekolah untuk menanam sikap cintakan kebersihan. Menerusi pengalaman ini murid dapat mengaitkan aktiviti yang dilakukan oleh ibu bapa mereka semasa membersihkan kawasan temapat tinggal mereka setiap hari.
Hubungkait ialah kaedah belajar dalam konteks menghubungkaitkan pengetahuan baru dengan pengalaman hidup. Murid melakukan aktiviti mengutip sampah di sekitar sekolah untuk menanam sikap cintakan kebersihan. Menerusi pengalaman ini murid dapat mengaitkan aktiviti yang dilakukan oleh ibu bapa mereka semasa membersihkan kawasan temapat tinggal mereka setiap hari.
Kaedah Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Mengingat (Repetition)
Repetition (ulangan)
Kaedah ulangan ialah melakukan pembacaan ataupun mengingati sesuatu perkara secara berulangkali ataupun berterusan. Kaedah ulangan ini dapat menajamkan daya ingatan dan menambahkan kefahaman pelajar apabila diaplikasikan dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran.
Kaedah ini berpusatkan kepada guru dan pelajar. Guru akan menggunakan kaedah ini apabila perlu mengulang semula topic yang lepas sebelum memulakan pengajaran baru. Pelajar dapat menggunakan kaedah ini dengan cara mengulangkaji pelajaran yang lepas, sama ada bertanya kepada guru ataupun persendirian. Kaedah ulangan ini perlu dijalankan dengan teknik yang sesuai mengikut topik pengajaran supaya ia tidak menjadi aktiviti yang membosankan.
contoh:
Kaedah ulangan yang betul adalah guru akan mengulang sebanyak 3 kali berturut – turut berkaitan sesuatu perkara yang ingin ditegaskan. Hal ini dilakukan supaya pelajar dapat mendengar dengan jelas apa yang hendak disampaikan oleh guru dan sekali gus dapat mningkatkan kefahaman serta menguatkan daya ingatan.
Kaedah ulangan dapat memberi peluang kepada pelajar supaya bersedia menerima pengajaran dan menguatkan daya ingatan dan kefahaman. Kaedah ulangan boleh dilakukan oleh guru dalam peringkat pengajaran yang sama ataupun guru membuat pengulangan sesuatu perkara dalam peringkat pengajaran yang berbeza. Contohnya, membuat pengulangan pada isi pengajaran pada awal sesi pengajaran pada peringkat akhir pengajaran ataupun membuat pengulangan sesuatu perkara dalam peringkat yang sama.
Langkah – langkah
Langkah 1
Guru menentukan objektif pengajaran dan dapat mengenal pasti sesetenhag perkara yang ingin ditegaskan kepada pelajar dan aspek yang memerlukan daya ngatan dan kefahaman yang lebih oleh pelajar.
Langkah 2
Pengulangan dilakukan oleh guru semasa memberikan penjelasan sama ada dengan menyebut sendiri secara berulang – ulang ataupun meminta penyertaan pelajar bagi mengulang semula apa yang sudah diterangkan.
Langkah 3
Pengulangan yang dibuat oleh guru akan memberi kefahaman kepada pelajar berkaitan perkara itu adalah sesuatu yang penting dan perlu lebih diingati atau difahami. Sekiranya pelajar sendiri yang membuat pengulangan maka semasa proses pengulangan berlaku, pelajar sudah membuat peneguhan dalam aspek kemahiran mengingat dan memahami sesuatu perkara.
Kaedah ulangan ialah melakukan pembacaan ataupun mengingati sesuatu perkara secara berulangkali ataupun berterusan. Kaedah ulangan ini dapat menajamkan daya ingatan dan menambahkan kefahaman pelajar apabila diaplikasikan dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran.
Kaedah ini berpusatkan kepada guru dan pelajar. Guru akan menggunakan kaedah ini apabila perlu mengulang semula topic yang lepas sebelum memulakan pengajaran baru. Pelajar dapat menggunakan kaedah ini dengan cara mengulangkaji pelajaran yang lepas, sama ada bertanya kepada guru ataupun persendirian. Kaedah ulangan ini perlu dijalankan dengan teknik yang sesuai mengikut topik pengajaran supaya ia tidak menjadi aktiviti yang membosankan.
contoh:
Kaedah ulangan yang betul adalah guru akan mengulang sebanyak 3 kali berturut – turut berkaitan sesuatu perkara yang ingin ditegaskan. Hal ini dilakukan supaya pelajar dapat mendengar dengan jelas apa yang hendak disampaikan oleh guru dan sekali gus dapat mningkatkan kefahaman serta menguatkan daya ingatan.
Kaedah ulangan dapat memberi peluang kepada pelajar supaya bersedia menerima pengajaran dan menguatkan daya ingatan dan kefahaman. Kaedah ulangan boleh dilakukan oleh guru dalam peringkat pengajaran yang sama ataupun guru membuat pengulangan sesuatu perkara dalam peringkat pengajaran yang berbeza. Contohnya, membuat pengulangan pada isi pengajaran pada awal sesi pengajaran pada peringkat akhir pengajaran ataupun membuat pengulangan sesuatu perkara dalam peringkat yang sama.
Langkah – langkah
Langkah 1
Guru menentukan objektif pengajaran dan dapat mengenal pasti sesetenhag perkara yang ingin ditegaskan kepada pelajar dan aspek yang memerlukan daya ngatan dan kefahaman yang lebih oleh pelajar.
Langkah 2
Pengulangan dilakukan oleh guru semasa memberikan penjelasan sama ada dengan menyebut sendiri secara berulang – ulang ataupun meminta penyertaan pelajar bagi mengulang semula apa yang sudah diterangkan.
Langkah 3
Pengulangan yang dibuat oleh guru akan memberi kefahaman kepada pelajar berkaitan perkara itu adalah sesuatu yang penting dan perlu lebih diingati atau difahami. Sekiranya pelajar sendiri yang membuat pengulangan maka semasa proses pengulangan berlaku, pelajar sudah membuat peneguhan dalam aspek kemahiran mengingat dan memahami sesuatu perkara.
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